Gender Identity Paper free essay sample

This paper will endeavor to examine a portion of the impacts hormones, natural, and ecological elements have on an individual’s sexuality. At the point when an infant is brought into the world for the most part the main explanation out of the doctor’s mouth is â€Å"it is a boy† or â€Å"it is a girl†. Society has customarily trusted one is brought into the world either male or female. On the off chance that one is brought into the world male he is required to be manly, be pulled in to ladies, and to seek after interests and practices viewed as masculine. In the event that one is brought into the world female she is required to be ladylike, to be pulled in to men, and to seek after leisure activities and practices viewed as ladylike. Sometimes an individual might be brought into the world with nonconforming sexual orientation character. This means an individual might be brought into the world with male or female genitalia yet really have intrigue and practices of the other gender. For people with this clashing conviction life might be very difficult. Society considers one either male or female and has built up specific constructions for every sexual orientation. Anyway one’s passionate sexual orientation character might be in opposition to what society has regarded the person. A solitary sperm cell which prepares an ovum, or egg, is known as a zygote. A zygote contains all the data fundamental for the ordinary development of a total grown-up living being in its common habitat (Pinel, 2009). The zygote contains 23 sets of chromosomes; half from the maker of the sperm and half from the maker of the egg. The cells of females just have the X chromosome, the cells of guys have X and Y chromosomes; this implies the male is liable for the sex of the zygote (Pinel, 2009). A male zygote will have X and Y chromosomes while a female zygote will have just X chromosomes. Guys and females produce similar hormones, androgens and estrogens, in various sums. Guys produce more testosterone, which is the most well-known androgen, and females produce more estradiol, which is the most widely recognized estrogen. Around the 6th seven day stretch of incubation the Y chromosome of the male triggers the Sry protein which makes the early stage gonad form into a testis; without the Sry protein the early stage gonads naturally form into ovaries (Pinel, 2009). All through the incubation time frame different hormones are discharged to provoke the improvement of male or female genitalia. Now and again if the incipient organism is presented to clashing hormones there might be genital variations from the norm. With the advances in clinical innovation it is workable for eager guardians to distinguish the sex of their unborn youngster. When sex has been resolved guardians start buying sexual orientation explicit garments, toys, and nursery things. This honest demonstration of the eager guardians starts the sexual orientation character of an unborn youngster (Eliza, 2011). Conventional families, a mother, a dad, and at least one youngsters, is quick turning into an irregularity in today’s society. Present day families may comprise of two moms, two dads, a solitary parent male or female, or maybe a grandparent. The earth where a kid is raised makes them bear on their sexual inclination. A youngster raised in a customary family, by grandparents, or maybe by a solitary hetero parent might be urged to take an interest in sexual orientation explicit play and to comply with sex explicit jobs. These youngsters may likewise be remedied or trained while participating in play or practices apparent to be in strife with their sexual orientation. While a kid raised in a gay situation might be permitted or urged to investigate their feelings of sexuality. Homosexuality has gotten increasingly common in today’s society; this could be an outcome in society’s resilience of homosexuality and laws went to guarantee the equivalent treatment of gay people. The creator will in general accept society’s resistance of homosexuality has urged more people to communicate their gay inclinations. In the midst of the antiquated Greek homosexuality and androgyny were viewed as common and typical. The expansion in the fame of Christianity was one of the central point which influenced society’s perspective on homosexuality. Christians looked at homosexuality as a wrongdoing and denounced the act of homosexuality. In any case, the expansion in gay rights and the execution of strategies which power society to endure homosexuality, for example, laws against separation, has changed the perspective on homosexuality. Society has removed the subject of homosexuality from being an ethical issue and transformed it into an individual inclination. Through the readings of this course it is the author’s conviction homosexuality is both a matter of decision and furthermore an issue of organic irregularities. The contextual analyses found inside the content demonstrate a more grounded connection among's hormones and sexual inclination. The instance of the Twin Who Lost His Penis showed the individual’s sexuality was engraved from youth. The loss of his penis and his being compelled to be raised as a young lady made little difference to his male propensities. In spite of the reality he had to live like a young lady he generally â€Å"felt† like a kid. It is the assessment of the creator organic elements assumes a more grounded job in deciding ones sexuality. Natural factors, for example, society’s perspective on homosexuality have likewise assumed a significant job in the acknowledgment of such conduct. Through the ages society has directed the sorts of practices and activities which are worthy and â€Å"normal†. An age prior smoking was satisfactory and homosexuality was viewed as irregular. Today’s society says smoking is unsatisfactory and homosexuality is ordinary. It isn't the author’s aim to condemn just to focus on the progressions society has made since the beginning. One may just conjecture what changes the future holds. References Eliza, A. D. , Maria, R. S. , amp; Amy, L. S. (2011). Youth sexual orientation character . . . scatter? formative, social, and indicative concerns. Diary of Counseling and Development : JCD, 89(3), 360-366. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/873035547? accountid=35812 Pinel, J. (2009). Biopsychology. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

The Art Of Delegation Essay Example For Students

The Art Of Delegation Essay There is a breaking point to the measure of work that you can do all alone. There is just so much worth that you can convey to your organization or association without the assistance of others. In the event that you are effective in your profession, at some stage the requests on you will get more prominent than you can adapt to all alone. At the point when this occurs, you are compelled to depend on the assistance of others, you are compelled to assign. Appointment is a procedure by which a supervisor looks at the different duties and jobs needing to be done, and instead of expecting and finishing those undertakings and obligations on their own, that director chooses to allot the work to different representatives. Compelling directors must be eager to depend an errand, force or duty to someone else. Theodore Roosevelt was cited as having stated, The best official is the person who has sense enough to pick great men to do what he needs done, and poise enough to shield from interfering with them while they do it. We will compose a custom exposition on The Art Of Delegation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Designation is an ability that fuses examination, arranging, mindfulness and fearlessness. It requires a supervisor that can consolidate the four elements of the executives: arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling. Arranging includes defining a methodical procedure for assigning errands to different workers. Sorting out includes masterminding the assets your workers may require so as to achieve the assigned undertaking. Driving includes the managing, driving, and administering of workers so as to accomplish the assignment. Controlling includes confirming that the representatives execution coordinates the activity plan. Appointment includes passing obligation regarding consummation of work to others. The perfect situation to reach as a director is one where your staff does all the normal exercises of your association. This allows for arranging, thinking, and improving the productivity of the essence of what you are accomplishing as a supervisor. Eventually, designation includes getting the assistance you need, when you need it by the staff part generally qualified to help with the job that needs to be done. In the Arkansas Governors office, where I as of now work, designation is a goliath part of each work day. The Governor can't in any way, shape or form address all the issues and issues identifying with the territory of Arkansas by and by; subsequently, he has a head of staff who is liable for the best possible assignment of undertakings to other staff individuals. The head of staff is answerable for appointing the undertakings to different individuals from the Governors supervisory crew, who thus are liable for designating the errand to strategy counsels inside our office that are relegated to deal with explicit state government related issues. Every approach guide at that point has a clerical specialist to whom the person in question can additionally assign undertakings whenever justified. If not, the clerical specialist is dependable to helping the arrangement counsel in finishing the undertaking so as to fulfill the requirements of the constituent or Arkansas resident. The procedure inside our office shows how assignment is the descending exchange of formal authority from better than subordinate. We as a whole understand that designating includes working with a representative to set up objectives, conceding them adequate power and obligation to accomplish the objectives, regularly giving them generous opportunity in choosing how the objectives will be accomplished, staying accessible as an asset to assist them with accomplishing the objectives, evaluating their presentation (the nature of their exertion and fulfillment of the objectives), tending to execution issues and additionally compensating their exhibition. Designation is basically about entrusting your power to other people. This implies they can act and start freely; and that they accept accountability with you for specific undertakings. One of the principle fears about designation is that by giving others authority, a director loses control. In any event, when you delegate the work, you despite everything keep up the responsibility. At last, the manager holds duty regarding the fulfillment of the objectives, however decides to accomplish the objectives by designating to another person. .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .postImageUrl , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:visited , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:active { border:0!important; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:active , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u191b23c2f9d3 baf648c54029f5fda903 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Republic of Panama EssayDeciding what to designate is just to list the things that you do which could be all the more viably done by somebody either increasingly gifted in a specific zone or more affordable. In our office, it is considerably more practical to appoint assignments to other people, accordingly permitting the Governor time to concentrate on exceptionally touchy issues that require his prompt consideration. How far administration can appoint employments will rely upon the capacity, experience and dependability of their staff. Great workers will have the option to do enormous employments with next to zero interce ssion from the executives. At the point when work is appointed, the board ought to clarify how the assignment fits into the general image of what the organization is attempting to accomplish. In the Governors office we worry to our staff that we will likely serve the residents of the province of Arkansas. Appointment is a significant aptitude for assisting with dealing with a substantial outstanding burden. We see that regularly in the Governors office. On the off chance that you don't designate, you will rapidly arrive at a phase where you quit advancing in your vocation since you can't take on any greater duty. In the event that you arrive at that stage, you are done progressing in your vocation. The key is to assign bit by bit. Each errand assigned ought to have enough unpredictability to extend that individual from staff however just a bit. At the point when you delegate an occupation, it doesn't need to be done just as you could do it (given time), however just as vital: never judge the result by what you expect you would do (it is hard to be objective about that), yet rather by readiness for reason. You need to appoint however much as could reasonably be expected to build up your staff to be on a par with you now. Assignments in which you have experience are the most straightforward for you to disclose to other people thus to prepare them to dominate. You along these lines utilize your experience to guarantee that the assignment is progressed admirably, as opposed to really play out the errand yourself. Along these lines you gain time for your different obligations and another person becomes comparable to your used to be (expanding the quality of the gathering). By assigning, a supervisor displays trust in their workers by giving different people groups thoughts a possibility. A subordinates choice doesnt must be actually what yours strength have been. So welcome and prize creativity.

American Well Essays

American Well Essays American Well Essay American Well Essay Should American Well proceed with its center item online consideration? Clarify Why it ought to or ought not. In the event that indeed, at that point by what method would it be a good idea for it to do it? American Well ought to proceed with its center item Online Care in view of the accompanying reasons: a. Innovation is one of the qualities they have bridled in executing Online Care and this can additionally serve to square rivalry later on b. They had the main mover bit of leeway and progress In this portion with most extreme consumer loyalty will give American Well the chance to turn into the complete pioneer In Online Care c. No age venture or recruiting of assets will be required to proceed with the tasks d. In the event that they flop in this endeavor (their first and center item) none of their expansions would then can possibly catch the market e. They had great money related help of many modern and blessed messenger speculators f. Administrative mastery of both Did and Roy in taking care of this division and their past reputation around there Is a preferred position which they can use while advertising this item g. Market request of such an item was immense as per a study of 2006, 74% of the respondents needed such an assistance h. Worth proposed to all the players with this administration made a success win circumstance for all and henceforth development in this portion was unavoidable. Medical coverage organizations could spare $3. 36 for each patient for every month (Exhibit 9) and patients also could practice decision and comfort According to Exhibit 1 (chose urban areas additionally appeared above), Boston, Los Angels and Washington DC has the most noteworthy normal time new patients Walt for meeting with family practice doctors (62, 58, 30 days individually). This Is an incredible open door for American Well to move this portion of individuals who despite everything go for family professionals to online social insurance fragment by helping them to use their time effectively and take into account their wellbeing needs right away. Henceforth, National Roll-out Plan of its center item by beginning with these urban areas will be an incredible arrangement to advance in its center item and develop as an innovator sooner rather than later. Should American well proceed with Team Edition? Clarify why or why it shouldnt. On the off chance that truly, at that point by what method would it be advisable for it to approach executing the extra help? In light of our examination, we feel Team Edition is the regular augmentation of the current administrations of American Well. The administration includes pushing forward the run of the mill PC and patient cooperation over web and Involving the pro in the online space also with no extra expenses. This key element has the capacity to fill in as a differentiator for American Well as the market rivalry in the online social insurance space is high and henceforth separation is of most extreme significance. For American Well, offering Team Edition is a decent incentive as it permits the organization to include an extra assistance in its contributions at no considerable extra costs (the innovation stage created for the center help can be changed to incorporate Team Edition as Furthermore, issues relating to acknowledgment are irrelevant as clients are now knowledgeable with the innovation stage and OK with the equivalent For its center client section of health care coverage organizations, the extra component is exceptionally valuable major in view of two reasons: First, extra cost reserve funds for the organizations would be generous because of early recognition of certain clinical issues therefore lessening inclusion for patients (as patients can promptly take the assessment of the experts, it brings about early location and in this manner decreases long haul protection inclusion) Second, having Team Edition as an extra choice for their protection bundles would put them as a substantial ly more appealing choice for Employer gatherings/worldwide enterprises and foundations as the scope of administrations offered are more extensive But, we have likewise seen that its center item has not enough accomplished the ideal market entrance and there is a ton of space for the center venerate to develop (see show 2 underneath). Albeit, American Well has found a way to improve the circumstance by hitting manages more medical coverage organizations to additionally advance and make acknowledgment of their online consideration administration. Henceforth, American Well should consider propelling Team Edition however it should just do as such after it has enough taken into account the interest for its center item in urban communities where patient sitting tight occasions for Pops are high. Urban communities, for example, Boston, Los Angels and Washington DC) The organization should then in this way go for a forceful dispatch of Team Edition in urban communities, for example, Miami ( see display 1 and 2) where the patient hanging tight occasions for pros are high and the interest for its center item has been fulfilled. Doing as such, the organization can benefit from its extra assistance and increase extra benefits as in such markets, the component will fill in as a key differentiator. In view of the above information, we can presume that for urban areas, for example, Miami, Seattle, Portland, Dallas and Philadelphia, Team Edition can be propelled as the normal patient hanging tight occasions for APP or Pops is a lot of lower when contrasted with different urban communities Should American Well proceed with the new client portion? Clarify Why and How? The new client section for American Well comprises of emergency clinic, wellbeing center, drug store. For Hospital Opportunities Out of the 5500 emergency clinics (where complete use in 2008 was $718. 4 billion, which is roughly 30. 72% of the all out use), 5000 emergency clinics are as of now administration empowering collaboration between human services supplier with doctors just as sharing clinical information). Likewise Relay Health ,another contender of AM now working with 50 Hospitals Similarly, Cisco Teleconferences teamed up with 600,000 doctors (which are around 60. 60% of the all out doctors in U. S. ) through these clinics. Another contender Mediation previously tapped 28,000 doctors for offering their support Recommendation Since extremely less open door is left for AM (8. 18% of the entire market) to infiltrate into emergency clinic advertise. So they ought not concentrate on emergency clinic portion. Retail centers openings: Retail facility is comprising of 147,000 nursing experts. Additionally from show 2, it is clear that around 24% ($561. Billion) of the all out use is spent on Physicians, clinical, and other expert administrations There is no contender present in the market Since retail center is undiscovered market, so there is a decent market open door for American Well to provide food. American Well can enhance patients to hear a second point of view in retail facility promptly with a doctor on the web on the off chance that they wish or if the NP can't address patients issue Since Nurse professionals are most elevated level clinical staff at retail center, offering gets to doctors would help the impression of astigmatic of the center Pharmacy openings: From show 2, drug store use comprises of around 10% ($234. 1 billion) of the absolute consumption in 2008. So we can infer that drug store showcase has enormous potential. No contender is yet present in this section. American Well could focus on the drug store advertise. It can furnish drug specialists the office to collaborate with patients on the web and answer questions of the patients in regards to the medications. Since, it is again an undiscovered market, which has gigantic potential; American Well could assume a main job and get advantage out of the administration. Should American Well go universal? Clarify on why it ought to do as such and how choice on going universal Pros Customers in Australia, Germany and United Kingdom are keen on profiting their administrations Exposure to global markets and acknowledgment overall Cons It will require broad changes in the American Wells Organizational structure It might expect them to alter their item dependent on the necessities, overseeing arrangements and guidelines of various nations There is hazard engaged with redirecting assets room the present market wherein they are not completely evolved to new worldwide markets which will require generous ventures Based on the upsides and downsides related with the choice, best game-plan would be in the accompanying request: Nationwide turn out of Online Care: After an examination of the information accommodated the holding up time of the patients to meet their doctors in different urban communities of US, we have reasoned that the administrations ought to be turned out in urban communities lik e Boston, Los Angels and Washington D. C where the hold up time is moderately high and subsequently it would help catch a bigger piece of the overall industry Launch of Team Edition in built up business sectors: Given the information in regards to the holding up time of the patients to meet experts, turning out Team Edition in urban areas, for example, Miami where the companys administrations are settled would be an upper hand for American Well Launch items in International markets: To extend universally American well need to totally re-sort out the organization structure and go into associations with various organizations in various nations. It will be conceivable simply after organization sets up itself as market pioneer in home market first

Partnership in Employee Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization in Employee Relation - Essay Example Without digging profoundly into why mind consistently partner industry and office with non-living things, the fact is, people are the significant things who can place an association in a journey mode as far as creation, deals, benefits, and so forth. In this way, the laborers just structure the vital ‘cog’ in the running of the association. Just if these pivotal laborers are selected or staffed ideally through a powerful enrollment process, the association can make ideal progress. Indeed, even with mechanization and computerization occurring in each portion of association, all the significant procedures inside the association for the most part rests with the people. Despite the fact that, all the significant procedures starts and finishes with the pioneer or the supervisory crew, the laborers will likewise be incorporated, as a major aspect of â€Å"successful work teams† or â€Å"Partnership for Progress†. â€Å"Partner for Progress† is the authoritative term given to the UK government arrangement which illuminated how representatives should function in association as groups for the fruitful working of the associations. That is, since late 1990s, the U.K. government has laid more accentuation on the idea of ‘Partnership for Progress’ and ‘Partnership Working’ and criticall y chose it as the favored model of UK business relations strategy and practice. Thus, this paper will basically assess how the state started idea of ‘Partnership’ is executed in the association and how it will affect worker relations, advancing organization just as crashing association. . In any associations, the effective Partnership can be effectively set or set up, if the head or the supervisory crew of the unit put their contemplations, methodologies and furthermore the authoritative objectives for conversation among the other association officials or laborers. Along these lines the laborers as a type of work groups can be included gainfully. That is, the laborers can include their picked up information

Formula Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equation Analysis - Assignment Example At the point when the component of viciousness was presented was the point that the story gradually unfurled and proceeded onward. It was obvious in the film but being a vivified include outfitted to engage the youthful that the component of savagery must be utilized to flavor things up. Without viciousness, there would not have been a story. Equations, obviously, have not changed throughout the years. Motion pictures despite everything utilize the â€Å"bad fellow versus great guy† plots. The miscreant carries hazard to the hero and his familyâ€another staple factor to predictable motion pictures. Hero safeguards his family to the deathâ€usually of terrible guy’sâ€thus legitimizing the rough activities of hero. Sack fellow gets dispensed with, yet no one recognizes what occurred or where he had followed. He’s basically good and gone. No one could mind less as long as the heroes are glad. The Incredibles, for example, has the Parr Familyâ€Mr. Mind boggling, the father; Elastigirl, the mother; and the children Violet, Dash, and Jack-jackâ€pitted against Syndrome, the insidious virtuoso. The glow of family versus the abhorrence of cold retribution. Mr. Mind boggling trench Syndrome as a youthful fan who needed to be his accomplice. Youthful Syndrome gets payback years by attempting to demonstrate he can exceed Mr. Incredibleâ€to the degree of placing his family in grave peril. Watchers are made to consider viciousness as an indispensable and positive piece of the film for without which the Parr children would not have had the option to draw out the best in themselves. All things considered, in the event that they had not been exposed to Syndrome’s threat, they would not have had the option to transcend adolescent fights. What's more, the ensuing violenceâ€the devastation of the scoundrel Syndromeâ€is in this manner defended. He is the â€Å"bad guy† all things considered. Also, as the clichã © goes, â€Å"they lived joyfully ever after.† The watchers are fulfilled. Exceptionally standard. Indeed, the recipe, tedious as it

Jersey City

Jersey City Jersey City, city (1990 pop. 228,537), seat of Hudson co., NE N.J., a port on a peninsula formed by the Hudson and Hackensack rivers and Upper New York Bay, opposite lower Manhattan; settled before 1650, inc. as Jersey City 1836. The second largest city in the state and a commercial and industrial center surpassed only by Newark, it is a port of entry and a manufacturing center. With 11 mi (17.7 km) of waterfront and significant rail connections, Jersey City is an important transportation terminal point and distribution center. It has railroad shops, oil refineries, warehouses, and plants that manufacture a diverse assortment of products, such as chemicals, petroleum and electrical goods, textiles, and cosmetics. The city has benefited from its position across from the island of Manhattan, and many Jersey City companies are extensions of those in New York. Further developments have included increased housing and shopping areas and a waterfront-renewal project, including the towerin g Goldman Sachs building (2004). Other parts of the city, however, remain run-down after years of commercial activity. Many ethnic groups throughout U.S. history have settled in Jersey City. The city has a modern medical center and is the seat of New Jersey City Univ. and St. Peter's Univ. In Lincoln Park is a statue of Lincoln, built in 1929. Liberty State Park, on the waterfront, is the site of a science museum and planetarium and provides an excellent view of New York harbor. The area was acquired by Michiel Pauw c.1629. The Dutch soon set up the trading posts of Paulus Hook, Communipaw, and Horsimus. In 1674 the site fell permanently under British rule. The fort at Paulus Hook was captured by Light-Horse Harry Lee under Washington's plan, Aug. 19, 1779. Nearby Bergen was a stockaded Dutch village dating from before 1620 and had New Jersey's first municipal government, church (Dutch Reformed), and school (1662). Jersey City was consolidated with Bergen and Hudson City in 1869; the town of Greenville was added in 1873. The city's industrial growth began in the 1840s with the arrival of the railroad and the improvement of its water transport system. In 1916, Jersey City docks were the scene of the Black Tom explosion that caused widespread property damage. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Black Masculinity As Constructed Through Baldwin - Literature Essay Samples

James Baldwin provides several constructions of black masculinity through his two texts Everybodys Protest Novel and Sonnys Blues. Since this essay is comparing works from the same author, it is essential to look at what these constructions are and also the consistency of them within his work. For the purpose of viewing black masculinity as a construct, Everybodys Protest Novel serves as the basis for which this construct is viewed in the two main characters of Sonnys Blues. Through this analysis, Baldwin will be held up to the standard of his own work a standard which he has created for himself. The way that Baldwin constructs the characters of Sonnys Blues is contingent upon his discussion of the protest novel and also how he constructs the differences between true images of the Negro and the falsely constructed images in texts such as Uncle Toms Cabin. Sonny and the narrator are depictions of the ideal and faltering constructions of black masculinity in Baldwins Sonnys Blues.Ever ybodys Protest Novel is a criticism of the portrayal of the Negro in literature. Baldwin uses the behavior of the black characters in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin as examples of the ways that black masculinity is portrayed. Tom is the character that Baldwin criticizes the most, stating that Tom is a product of white America. He is content in the image of blackness that America has created for him. Tom is comfortable in his complacency and thereby seen as siding with his white oppressor. To this character of Uncle Tom, Baldwin pairs the narrator of his story, Sonnys Blues.The first impression of a black male given in Sonnys Blues is of the narrator. At a glance, it appears he is living the American Dream. He is a quiet-as-kept high-school teacher who has followed the straight path in life. He helped his mother with her responsibilities and acted as a father figure to Sonny, joined the military, educated himself, married, and had children. In the latter ways, these descript ions resemble the archetypal image of the (white) American Dream. The narrator is disconnected from black culture and portrayed as feeding into the system in an attempt to live a cookie-cutter life. The narrator even admits his disconnection in a conversation he and Sonny have about a jazz musician: Well look Sonny, Im sorry, dont get mad Name somebody you know, a jazz musician you admire. Bird. Who? Bird! Charlie Parker! Dont they teach you nothing in the goddamn army? I lit a cigarette. I was surprised and then a little amused to discover that I was trembling. Ive been out of touch.' (Baldwin 1738) Baldwin uses this revelation as a turning point for the narrator to move towards becoming in touch and more representative of a Negro in American culture verses the American outside of Negro culture he has formerly been. A second point to note is that the narrator does not have a name. It is probable that Baldwin uses this as a ploy to further his idea of this faulty construction of ma sculinity. What better way to discredit a character than to take away his identity as Baldwin does? The realization that the narrator is forced into is constructed through Sonny. It carries the message that the American Dream is unobtainable to the black man, and is essential to our understanding of Baldwins construction of black masculinity. It is here that the character of Sonny becomes instrumental in shaping the role of black masculinity and the way that it should be constructed to achieve truth and righteousness as a black man.In opposition to the any of the characters in Uncle Toms Cabin, Sonny is Baldwins example of how the true black man should be represented in protest literature. At first, Sonny is seen as a drifter, an addict trying to escape his destruction. This point is in compliance with Baldwins idea that The failure of the protest novel lies in its rejection of life, the human being. (Baldwin 1705). In order to exemplify Baldwins ideal of a real black man, Sonny has to endure real strife. As a result, he embraces life and is made true through his relatedness to a real human with faults. Soon Sonny becomes the focal point of the story as his struggle to do what is right emerges. In his encounters with the narrator (his brother), Sonny quickly becomes Baldwins example of what black masculinity should entail. In his decision to pursue his music, Sonny embodies Baldwins definition of truth with relation to blackness as seen in Everybodys Protest Novel, [T]ruth, as used here, is meant to imply a devotion to the human being, his freedom and fulfillment; freedom which cannot be legislated, fulfillment which cannot be charted, (Baldwin 1700). To put this definition into the context of Sonny, he does what makes him happy, rather that what he feels he is supposed to (as mandated by the American Dream which excludes black identity). Through the development of Everybodys Protest Novel and Sonnys Blues Baldwin uses the Uncle Tom-like character of the narra tor to set an example of the misinterpretation of black masculinity. The narrator depicts every aspect that Baldwin protests and for this reason, he uses the character of Sonny to rectify the ideals of true black masculinity. Baldwin creates this dichotomy between the narrator and Sonny to show the ideal form of black masculinity. While the narrator is trying to obtain the unobtainable, Sonny is just trying to maintain. And maintaining, in Baldwins view, is what black identity, and ultimately masculinity, is all about.

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Consumption Essay - 2418 Words

It’s no surprise that people like to drink. Alcohol has been a source of pleasure and entertainment from the dawn of time dating back to Greece in 2700 BC, but in the modern age alcohol consumption has taken on a new form of binge drinking or consuming as much alcohol as possible in minimal time. This practice taking shape mostly in the United States has become a large concern for parents and law enforcement due to its clear and potentially dangerous outcomes. Teens now drink to get drunk rather than enjoying the social interactions of having a beverage. This is where the US trails off from other accompanying nations in how people and more specifically teens perceive drinking from such a young age leading to a clear divide between the US and the rest of the world. In a study done by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, teens ages 12-20 are responsible for 11 percent of all alcohol consumed in the United States however, they reported that they consumed 90% of their alcohol by binge drinking. This compares to many European nations which till recently didn’t even have a term to describe binge drinking because the concept was so foreign to them. This presents one question, why? Why do the 41,731,233 teenagers in our nation grow up thinking that the only way to drink a beer is by chugging it though a funnel while hiding from parents. Why have we deviated so far from the path of social norms that for once the US is an outlier. Throughout my research I haveShow MoreRelatedPreventing College Students Abuse From Alcohol Consumption2075 Words   |  9 PagesStopping College Students Abuse from Alcohol Consumption The problem college students have, especially freshmen, is about abusing alcohol consumption after feeling free and independent due to leaving their homes. Now that they have their own dorms to sleep in and do not have their parents breathing over their shoulder for everything they do, who is going to tell them not to have a few alcoholic drinks and instead finish their assignment due the next morning? Being that college students are turningRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, fr om high school to college, andRead MoreAlcohol as a Gateway Essays779 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and heavy drinking throughout Canada plays a distinctive role in instigating other key addictions. Drinking and consumption abuse can be linked strongly to the abuse of illicit drugs. Binge drinking should be seen as a gateway or portal to the development of poly-drug users. As the gateway drug theory suggests, routine use of less harmful drugs, in this case alcohol, will lead to risk of abusing more serious drugs. Alcohol is so readily available and like any other psychoactive drug it canRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Consumption Of Alcohol1288 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol consumption is highly prominent around the world and Australia. Most Australians have consumed alcohol at some point of time in their lives. Most individuals doing so at a level that is acceptable and does not lead to any ill health or injury. There is, however, an issue with the misuse and abuse of alcohol in Australia across all age groups. This paper will discuss the use of alcohol in Australia broadly before focusing on the consumption of alcohol in the 16-29 year old age group. ThisRead MoreAnalysis: Alcoholism as a Root of Most Illnesses and Social Evils647 Words   |  3 PagesAlcoholism Goal Reduce diseases caused by too much consumption of alcohol and accidents across the United States Overview Statistically, the overall consumption of alcohol in the United States has increased abruptly. Its approximated that 51% of adult aged between 18 years and above is regular drinkers and 25% are said to be heavy drinkers. This makes abuse of alcohol as one of the most causes of death in the United States (Sondik, 2010). Alcohol abuse causes the following diseases: -Liver cancer Read MoreAlcoholism should be banned772 Words   |  4 PagesTASK 1 Topic: Alcohol consumption should be banned. Argue for or against the statement. Argument For Topic sentence: Alcohol consumption should be banned Supporting ideas: 1. Effects of alcohol abuse in your body 2. How does alcohol affect family life’s 3. The effects of drinking and driving Task 2 Rough draft In my personal opinion I am in favour of alcohol being banned. I am a victim of alcoholic parents , so I can relate to the difficulties that I was faced withRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse On The Nervous System1081 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is alcohol abuse as it relates to Mr. Jackson and his family. Mr. Jackson is a retired veteran and has a part time job as a construction worker. He is married and has four children; two are older in age and live out of state, the other two are in high school and reside in the home with Mr. and Mrs. Jackson. Mr. Jackson is showing signs of depression. He has expressed feelings of neglect. This could be due to various reasons, such as past experiences in the military, which has led to alcohol abuseRead MoreThe Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Finance and Economy1737 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Alcohol abuse and its associated problems cost society many billions of dollars every year. Economics have attempted to calculate the monetary damage that has resulted from the alcohol abuse. These damages include expenditures on alcohol-related problems and opportunities that are lost because of alcohol. Two problems are particularly directly related to the case of alcohol abuse. First, researchers attempt to identify costs that are directly related to alcohol abuse. Second, manyRead More Alcohol and its effects Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol is a large part of American culture. All over the United States drinking is not only acceptable but a social norm from teenagers to adults. This is not only the case in the U.S., but all over the world, where some drinking ages are 18 and 19 years of age. In America specifically, alcohol has been around for centuries and is a large part of many social gatherings. Although this is the case now, in the early 1900’s during the prohibition period, all alcohol was banned and deemed illegal toRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about t he problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, and talk about ways that we can prevent

Is Anxiety A Common Torment - 918 Words

Sometimes the world feels like it s tumbling down and pounding me under its thick fingers. I feel like the sky is on fire and my feelings of trepidation are brought to life when I have an anxiety attack. I wake up amidst night, sweating and sobbing for reasons unknown. My heart beat increments and I begin to inhale quick, shallow breaths. I clutch my chest; it has an inclination that it will overflow with each tremor of dread that trips up my insides and slides down, giving me the butterfly impact. Some times, it’s activated by a bad dream that is all too sensible for my tastes, or it is brought on by the possibility of my passing or a death of a dear companion or relative. My photos will discuss the process of accepting anxiety and figuring out how to live and push ahead while making the best of my life. Anxiety is a common torment in society today for some reasons, may it be environmental, interior or inherited. In this photo essay, I capture my experiences with anxiety, and the symbols and implications I connect to. This arrangement of photos give a feeling of release and awareness, not only for myself, but rather for other people who may associate with what I have to say, while finding a beauty in the profound and dim unremarkable parts of my life. Panic attacks and anxiety attacks torment many people all over the world. Anxiety is a nervousness issue that causes repeated, unexpected attacks of intense fear. In the first image, you can see a young woman standing in theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Anxiety And Anxiety1724 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the National Institute of Mental Health â€Å"anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses in the United States, affecting over 40 million adults in the US ages 18 and older.† Anxiety is a mental illness that is very common and can be caused by many different things. Anxiety is a heightened fear or tension that causes psychological and physical distress; according Stossel text Sigmund Freud — who had said that to understand anxiety, â€Å"one would be bound to throw a flood of light onRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Soldiers966 Words   |  4 PagesPost-traumatic Stress Disorder among Soldiers Soldiers witness massive amounts of torment while fighting. This usually causes the post-traumatic stress disorder to take place in their lives soon after. PTSD is a disorder that develops in [several] people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event (NIMH, 2016). Koren, Norman, Cohen, Berman, Klein (2005), conducted research and examined a study and it â€Å"clearly indicate that bodily injury is a major risk factor for among soldiersRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )905 Words   |  4 Pages I decided to write my paper on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in children. OCD is a type of anxiety disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly. Kids with OCD become preoccupied with whether something could be harmful, dangerous, wrong, or dirty — or with thoughts that unpleasant stuff could happen. It can cause severe anxiety in those affected. Kids with OCD also might worry about thi ngs not being in order or just right. TheyRead MoreExamples Of Remedies To Induce Easy Labor And Delivery898 Words   |  4 Pagesincredibly well for some pregnant ladies; bringing on withdrawals inside 24 – 48 hours. Reflexologists utilize pressure point massage focuses and in addition different systems. Reflexology can be performed on hands or feet. It is additionally powerful for torment administration amid labor. There will undoubtedly be a neighborhood qualified Reflexologist some place close you. Massages: Normal back rub encourages ladies to inhale into areas of distress, unwinding tight muscles. An accomplice can stroke theRead MoreA Modern Artist From Norway1623 Words   |  7 Pages30 from pneumonia. Death was a common theme in his work because he lived through so much of it. Munch’s father, Christian Munch, a devout Christian Fundamentalist believed these tragedies were not accidents, but instead God’s divine punishment and would impact the way Edvard Munch saw death. His father and later his sister would suffer from depression, violent tendencies, and hallucinations. Similar to his father, Munch experienced bouts of depression and anxiety that would eventually leach intoRead Morecharacteristics of folk literature811 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Characteristics of Folk Literature Setting Character Plot Theme Style Folktales employ certain characteristics or conventions common to virtually all tales. The most familiar involve the setting, character, plot, theme and conflict, and style. A. Setting Most folktale settings remove the tale from the real world, taking us to a time and place where animals talk, witches and wizards roam, and magic spells are commonplace. The settings are usually unimportant andRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: At least three of the following symptoms must be present: (1) Callous unconcern towardsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1601 Words   |  7 PagesObsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Brief Overview Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by constant intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that normally cause anxiety or distress which can only be alleviated by performing repetitive actions (compulsions) (Rahimi, Haghighi, and Shamsaei, 2015). Nearly everyone has experienced something similar to these obsessions and compulsions at some point in their life but this experience can only be labeled as OCD when itRead MoreMedicine and Health Care1155 Words   |  5 PagesEnrolment No. 09/2008/049 SUPERVISOR MR. RIAZ HUSSAIN SOOMRO INSTITUTE OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT DOW UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARACHI 1- Introduction 1.1- Background of study Electricity load shedding is common in Karachi. It is often unexpected and most of the time scheduled activity. On one hand it reflects the bad governance and socio-economic failure, on other hand it impacts on the health care services. Its major impact is visible in the provision ofRead MoreCyber-Bullying Today999 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerations. â€Å"Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and a common medium for cyber bullying† (Cyberbullying Research Center, 2010). The World Wide Web and social media have opens up a black hole to psychological and emotional stress for some young adults. Cyber bullying is defined as a form of teen violence, torment and harassing via the use of technology to bully another person. One out of five young adults has experienced cyber bullying

Why Is It A Social Problem And Not A Personal Problem Essay

Why Is it a social problem and not a personal problem: The gender age gap is a social problem since it affects a majority of the society and that it affects not only one’s life but also society in which the gender gap is present depending on the extent of this gap. For example, the average Canadian women owns only 82 cents for every dollar the average men make based on a weekly salary comparison and full and partial time shifts (†¦). This affects life considerably of the individuals and families since, according to the (†¦) research, the gender wage gap is approximately 8 000$ annually taking in consideration skills, tenure, qualification and the job. This considerable gap can be seen differently by both conflict theorists (which defends liberal feminism and other type of feminism) and functionalists. Conflict theorists would point out the fight of two groups, being here women and men over a resource that is demanded to be distributed equally between both sexes. While some argue over the existence of the gender wage gap, statistics shows that there is a notable difference between the salaries of both sexes stating that women’s salaries having the same qualifications, education, seniority, hour shift and the having the same faculty are only paid 75,6 % of their male colleague (†¦). But why is it? Seeing this problematic through the eyes of a conflict theorist, one could easily point out the strong workplace discrimination and gender biases. Indeed, the rather new entrance ofShow MoreRelatedHow Private Are You Online? What Information Do You Share About Yourself?784 Words   |  4 Pagesto prove the lack of privacy when it comes to sharing information on social media. It will also cover how social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.; has taken over as a means of interacting in lieu of face-to face communication, telephones, and written communication. Studies have proven the information shared on social media is not private. For example, private investigators have known to make a living surfing social media for years to locate individuals, simply because, information onRead MoreSocial Workers At A Higher Risk For Burnout And Fatigue1652 Words   |  7 PagesIdentifying the problem statement is the first step in determining what the issue is and why it is important for research. Once that has been determined formulation of the problem can been done which helps lay the groundwork for writing a research paper. In addition, the problem that has been chosen as a topic for research is, Are social workers at a higher-risk for burnout and compassion fatigue because of job stress? The problem statement is will educating social workers about burnout and fatigueRead More Deviant Behavior Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion is, â€Å"Why is a certain type of behavior considered deviant?† This paper will take a particular devian t behavior, which is illicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasn’t been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problemRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility and Single Strongest Argument1106 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify and explain the major factors in the social environment that create an atmosphere in which business criticism takes place and prospers. dasdasdassadasdasdadadasdadsdadasdasdassssssssssssssssssssss- ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss- ssssssssssssssssssssssscourse? Or is it still a vital reality? 4. Give an example of each of the four levels of power discussed in this chapter. Also, give an example of each of the spheres of business power. 5. Explain in yourRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination and Understanding Personal Troubles as Social Issues1259 Words   |  6 PagesImagination and understanding personal troubles as social issues: The Sociological Imagination allows us to question â€Å"things† or issues which are common and familiar to us and to find its deeper meaning. With the Sociological Imagination way of thinking, we find reasoning and uncover why many things in society are the way they are. The Sociological Imagination does not attempt to understand the individual and his or her problems alone, but focuses on issues and problems as it affects the greaterRead MoreDeviant Behavior Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesis, Why is a certain type of behavior considered deviant? This paper will take a particular deviant behavior, which is illicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasnt been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problemRead MoreObesity as a Social Issue Essays869 Words   |  4 PagesObesity as a Social Issue Individual problems such as addictions, illnesses and mental depression stalk us throughout our lives, but there is more to addictions, illnesses and mental depression than meets the eye. A good example of this theory is obesity. Obesity in Australia is turning into a problem and as the rates of obesity increase each year, the larger the problem expands. According to sociologist, C. Mills, problems can be divided into either troubles or issues and more often than not, aRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreAnti-Oppressive Practice1830 Words   |  7 PagesAnti-oppressive practice Within the social work that we encounter on a daily basis, anti-oppressive (AOP) practice is generally referred to as the wider term that covers various practices and approaches as structural, radical, feminist, critical, anti-racist and liberating actions. AOP is viewed as a social work practice that attempts to address the structural inequalities and social divisions that is usually experienced in the social work. The ultimate aim of AOP is to provide more appropriateRead MoreA Study Based On Personal Interests And Literature Review798 Words   |  4 PagesStudying sociology is to understand social action that can have an explanation of causes and effects. In order to understand the social action, scholars need to conduct a research prior to interpret the phenomenon at the specific study area. However, conducting a research, researchers need to complete many tasks, such as development of a research question, selection of research methodology, development of questionnaires, data co llection, data analyse and research report writing. This paper outlines

Effective Training For The Mobile Division Management Team

Background The Communications Department has been working diligently with all BOLDFlash departments to implement the new â€Å"communication culture†. This new initiative is aimed at improving our ability to communicate effectively with our distributors, customers, suppliers, and all team mates at BOLDFlash. Our goal is to create an environment where effective communication techniques are known, understood, and utilized by all employees. This training plan addresses key areas of focus for creating the communications culture. The goal of this plan is to create effective training for the Mobile Division management team. Target Audience Since the underlying communication issue is related to internal business processes, the target audience is limited to employees at BOLDFlash. Due to rapid expansion of the Mobile Division, the demographics of employees have changed greatly over the past few years. Increased hiring and expansion into foreign countries has changed the way we need to communicate. This is especially true in regard to considerations of language, culture, age, and experience. Training will be designed and conducted based on the position level of the employee. †¢ Executive Management – This group generally reflects the highest level of education and experience, and are predominantly English speakers. They tend to be older in age and have a good understanding of technology, but not at the level of an engineer. Members of executive management must fully understand andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Organizational Structure1347 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 02 – BoldFlash: Cross-Functional Challenges in the Mobile Division Introduction: In this case study Roger Cahill has been acting as the head of mobile division for less than a year. Currently he is struggling as he faces great difficulties adapting BoldFlash to a changing marketplace. The problem really started a year ago when Mr. Jim Harrison appointed the young Roger Cahill to a VP position. Although Roger has led a research project in his previous work, he is only 24 years oldRead MoreBusiness Analysis Project Management Delivery Development Management1050 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience. Promoted to the Executive Management Committee of MediSwitch and received multiple awards including CEO Award and Leader of the Year Award. Expert in all aspects of business integration management and change management. Able to provide critical support to large multi-million-dollar tenders, ensuring proposals are viable. Highly effective leader of teams both on and offshore. †¢ Leading Business Analysis †¢ Project Management Delivery †¢ Development Management †¢ Process Re-Engineering †¢ QualityRead MoreBold Flash1112 Words   |  5 PagesBoldFlash: Cross-Functional Challenges in the Mobile Division 4. How does the division’s culture play a role in the discord? 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Resistance to British Nationalism Free Essays

string(120) " certain regulations for the better management of the affairs of the East India Company, as well in India as in Europe\." Since the French Revolution, the idea of self-determination has spread all around the world, unifying peoples inside nations, starting new revolutions, erasing empires, freeing colonies and scaring modern states. There are few models explaining the emergence of nationalism and the definitions of this phenomenon vary from an author to another. Anthony D. We will write a custom essay sample on Resistance to British Nationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smith says it is an ideological movement aiming at reaching self-determination and independence in the name of a nation. He also says that humanity is naturally divided into nations. But this concept is rather revealing the nationalist way of thinking because a quick look in the past is enough to show that the independence process is not instinctive. Many writers like Boyd Shafer and Louis Snyder have studied the subject since World War I in order to explain the subject but – as says Arthur Waldron – enclosing nationalism in a theory has proved to be a difficult task. An historical case of the nationalism problem is the nationalist movement in India. Indians celebrated 50 years of independence from British rule in August 1997. The end of the empire in India was a massive blow to British imperialism. This term paper first studies the steps of the western intrusion into India and then tries to describe how the Indian nationalism was born. When the European community began to expand in India, a new way of life entered cities. It was copied by the indigenous people who were seduced by western techniques. Occidental education was the main vector of acculturation since young Indians were very receptive to the European message. So the new Indian generation quickly became nationalist, socialist, and democrat. Masters like Cavour or Mazzini were the new heroes for the young students. That is why the British government prohibited the study of British History of the XIXth century in Indian schools. But it was already too late. The process could not be stopped at that stage. Indians had acquired a better knowledge of European culture and it was not received without critique. European authors who were keen on criticizing Europe – Tolstoi, for example – influenced India. So it seems that the introduction of western ideas and their critiques contributed to the emergence of nationalism. The initiation of the indigenous elite to Western History would have founded their quest for independence, following a nationalist scheme transmitted by occidental education. A complex of inferiority began to spread among Indians, mostly because of the British racist attitude. Europeans were neglecting the Indian society. From the 1830s, racist movements began to make British people feel superior. They considered Indians as physically and morally challenged. This inferiority was attested by the failure of traditional revolts like the Mutiny in 1857. Tara Chand1 says that Indians were impressed by the evident superiority of their colons in war, in administration, and in industry. Indians wanted their country to rank among the big nations, politically and industrially. From the 1870s, they became aware of their prestigious past and politicians began to use that argument in their speeches. Those same politicians also used religious festivities to spread their nationalist message. The educated elite could do better than the Congress by using the religious field. Political activities could then enter the smallest village thanks to religion. This tactic allowed leaders to unify a rising population. Mother India was born. 1Chand, Tara. History of the Freedom Movement in India. a. The East India Company and the Conquest of India The intentions of the merchants who formed the East India Company and those of Queen Elizabeth I were rarely matched by the outcome. The venture failed to achieve its stated objectives — it made little impression on the Dutch control of the spice trade and could not establish a lasting outpost in the East Indies in the early years — and yet succeeded beyond measure in establishing military dominance and a political empire for Britain in India. By the middle of the seventeenth century the East India Company could be found trading alongside Indian merchants in the East, and the Company shipped goods as diverse as cloth from southern India to Sumatra, and coffee from Arabia to India. Profits thus generated were ploughed back into buying the spices required back home. Gradually the Company built up its power base in India, opening up trading posts in Madras and Calcutta, and thwarted French attempts to emulate it there. From these secure foundations it was able to seek out new markets and sources for trading products. As European interest in the East Indies increased, so the Company modified native designs and products to suit Western tastes — the growth of the Kashmir shawl industry, and the development of the design that has become known as Paisley being one such example. The process of territorial expansion that started with the annexation of Bengal, the â€Å"private trade† which enabled merchant’s in the Company’s service to make fortunes on the side, coupled with a high level of corruption, meant that more and more men sought their fortunes in India. The early lifestyle of the merchant adventurer in the Company’s trading posts gave way to a more conventional society, with its clubs, churches and social functions. The accoutrements of civilized life had to be imported from England, and many were adapted to suit the new circumstances. Wicker picnic hampers and tonic water all evolved from the needs imposed by the harsh Indian climate. Hugely wealthy men returning from Company service to England attracted much envy as they bought up country houses and seats in Parliament, and many of these â€Å"nabobs† kept the habits they had learnt in India. By the early nineteenth century the East India Company’s writ extended across most of India. In 1773 the British government took over some responsibility for ruling British India. The â€Å"Regulating Act† set up a governor-general and council nominated partly by the East India Company and partly by the government. It was an act for establishing certain regulations for the better management of the affairs of the East India Company, as well in India as in Europe. You read "Resistance to British Nationalism" in category "Essay examples" Here is the beginning of it1: Whereas the several powers and authorities granted by charters to the united company of merchants in England trading to the East Indies have been found, by experience, not to have sufficient force and efficacy to prevent various abuses which have prevailed in the government and administration of the affairs of the said united company, as well at home as in India, to the manifest injury of the public credit, and of the commercial interests of the said company; and it is therefore become highly expedient that certain further regulations, better adapted to their present circumstances and condition, should be provided and established: †¦ †¦ And, for the better management of the said united company’s affairs in India, be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, for the government of the presidency of Fort William in Bengal, there shall be appointed a governor-general, and four counselors; and that the whole civil and military government of the said presidency, and also the ordering, management and government of all the territorial acquisitions and revenues in the kingdoms of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, shall, during such time as the territorial acquisitions and revenues shall remain in the possession of the said united company, be, and are hereby vested in the said governor-general and council of the said presidency of Fort William in Bengal, in like manner, to all intents and purposes whatsoever; as the same now are, or at any time heretofore might have been exercised by the president and council, or select committee, in the said kingdoms. c. Clash of Cultures and the Reasons of the Conflict There are three reasons for the Indian conflict: – the religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims – the social conflict about the Untouchables – the colonial conflict about the status of India In the three conflicts, the main actor was Gandhi himself. In the first conflict, the fighting adversaries were the Hindus and the Muslims; in the second one, the adversaries were the Untouchables and Gandhi – who were fighting for their cause –, and the tradition defenders; in the last one, the adversaries were India and the British government. So, Gandhi was the link between Indians and the government. Note that the first conflict was existing before Gandhi even intervened. 1 Internet Modern History Sourcebook In 1857 the British faced a dangerous rebellion, commonly called the Indian Mutiny, a polemical name implying that it was the revolt of undisciplined soldiers. Actually it was a revolt of the Indian army, led by their officers, known as sepoys. Many Indians outside the army had been restless for decades. Rulers had been conquered and dethroned. Landowners had lost their property and been replaced by ones more friendly to the British. Religious sentiments were inflamed. The British regarded Indian beliefs as repulsive: they had outlawed the suttee, or widow burning, and suppressed the Thugs, a small sect of Holy Assassins. One officer even declared that the British were going to abolish the castes. Mysterious propaganda also circulated all over India. It infiltrated the sepoys, who announced to Muslim soldiers that certain newly issued cartridges were greased with the fat of pigs, and said to the Hindus that the same cartridges were greased with the fat of the cow. Since for the Hindus the cow was sacred, and for Muslims, to touch pork was unholy, many soldiers were outraged. The sepoys mutinied in the Ganges valley, and with them the long dormant Mogul and his court, joined in to rise against the British. India’s population was rich with diverse ethnic and cultural groups. Ethnic groups were those based on a sense of common ancestry, while cultural groups could be either made up of people of different ethnic origins who shared a common language, or of ethnic groups with some customs and beliefs in common, such as castes of a particular locality. The diverse ethnic and cultural origins of the people of India were shared by the other peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including the inhabitants of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. The caste system was pervasive in India. Although it was entwined in Hindu beliefs, it encompassed non-Hindus as well. A caste was a social class to which a person belonged at birth and which was ranked against other castes, typically on a continuum of perceived purity and pollution. People generally married within their own caste. In rural areas, caste could also govern where people lived or what occupations they engaged in. The particular features of the caste system varied considerably from community to community and across regions. The life of Indians was centered in the family. Extended families often lived together, with two or more adult generations, or brothers, sharing a house. Cultural cliches and segregation seemed to be the source of nationalism in India. According to Dov Ronen,1 every human being is looking forward to self-determination. And when this quest is altered, groups crystallize to eliminate the obstacle. The aggression coming from outside provokes the creation of a certain group conscience. According to the same Ronen, there must be an intelligentsia as well as a proletariat to form an effective nationalist movement. In India, the development of the proletariat was late and modest. Nevertheless, the western penetration made new social categories emerge, like the intelligentsia. The Indian National Congress was created by a group of English-speaking urban intellectuals in 1885 to lead the struggle for India’s independence. The original â€Å"moderate† leadership was soon more â€Å"militant† group, led by Bal GangadharTilak, which demanded self-rule for India. The Congress originally advocated limited democratic reforms. In 1920 it adopted the strategy of nonviolent resistance devised by Mohandas K. Gandhi. By 1929 the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, was demanding total independence. After India gained independence in 1947, the Congress controlled the central government and most of the Indian state governments for 20 years. 2. Gandhi and his fight for freedom in India When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi came back from South Africa in 1914, he began supporting Britain in World War One. During this period, he was not involved in much politics, but rather stayed on the sidelines, so to speak, occasionally helping to recruit men. 1 Ronen, Dov. The Quest for Self-Determination. 1979 For many years, Gandhi had been friendly with Britain, but he became extremely upset at the passing of the Rowlatt Bills, which were bills that stated that those suspected of sedition could be imprisoned without trial. He immediately called a Satyagraha (â€Å"firmness in truth†, civil disobedience) struggle against Great Britain. Gandhi had meant for the citizens to use ahimsa (non-injury) methods of protesting, but they protested violently in some areas, leading to the killing of 400 Indians. By 1920, Gandhi was extremely influential among Indians. He quickly reformed the old Indian National Congress into a newer, more serious organization. He called a huge boycott of British goods and services, including schools and the like. With a leader like Gandhi, the Indian people were no longer afraid of their foreign rulers and began protesting. When police arrived, they lined up to be arrested, hoping to clog the system and stop the British. Thousands were arrested and the movement was mostly a success, but a few violent outbreaks like in the previous protest caused the INC and their president – Gandhi – to call the protest off and admit it a mistake. Gandhi himself was arrested shortly afterward in 1922 and sentenced to six years, but he was released four years early due to appendicitis. However, even this short sentence took its toll. The INC had split into two parts and the strong bond that had grown between the Hindus and Muslims when they protested together had dissolved as well. Small struggles still took place in villages, prompting Gandhi to fast for three weeks, which brought about peace effectively. Perhaps his most amazing feat was the Satyagraha against the salt tax in 1930. Instead of buying salt from the British, Gandhi and several thousand other Indians marched to the Arabian Sea and made their own salt by evaporating seawater. As a result, over 60,000 people were jailed. A year later, Gandhi met with Lord Irwin and the two agreed to allow Gandhi to act as a representative at conferences in London, but the conferences failed to help them, and upon Gandhi’s return to India, he and the other leaders of the INC were jailed. While in jail, they found out that the new constitution would discriminate against the â€Å"untouchable† caste by placing them in a different electorate. Gandhi immediately started fasting for change. The government knew they had to change this portion of the constitution quickly, for if Gandhi were to die, revolution would be imminent. Gandhi resigned as president of the INC in 1934 and left the organization entirely to pursue a plan to educate â€Å"From the bottom up†, starting with the rural areas of India, which accounted for 85%1 of the population. He encouraged the peasants to spin and weave to supplement their meager incomes. He himself eventually moved to Sevagram and centered his program there. When World War Two started, the INC supported Britain on the condition that they withdraw completely from India. Gandhi demanded their withdrawal as well. The British simply jailed all of them. When the end of the war came, India became independent shortly afterward, in 1947, but it split as it became independent, forming Pakistan. Gandhi was upset that Indian freedom did not come with Indian unity, but nonetheless plunged himself into helping repair the riot ravaged areas and fasting for peace in those places where the fighting continued over religion. In that way, he performed two great feats by stopping the riots in Calcutta in September of 1947 as well as causing a truce in Delhi in January of 1948. Alas, he was not able to celebrate freedom for long, as he was shot to death on January 30, 1948, on his way to the evening prayer. Yet he died with freedom, peace, and love within his heart. The Muslim League was a Muslim political organization founded in India in 1906. Its original purpose was to protect the political rights of Muslims in India and to prevent Hindu political control of the entire Indian subcontinent once independence from the British was achieved. For several decades the group advocated Hindu and Muslim unity within India. Under league president Muhammad Ali Jinnah, however, it came to demand a separate Muslim state from the British out of concern that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus. During World War II, the Muslim League gave support to the British and in return the British allowed the league to gain strength. In 1947 the league succeeded in having the Muslim state of Pakistan separated from Hindu-dominated India. Renamed the All-Pakistan Muslim League, it became the majority political party in the first parliament of the newly created nation. Although the league has remained a political force in Pakistan, internal dissension and major losses in the 1954 elections, particularly in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), caused the party to fragment into several factions. 1Fischer, Louis. La vie du Mahatma Gandhi. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1954. On June 3, 1947, the British Government announced the division of India. Though Gandhi had not given his consent to it, he advised the country to accept it. On August 15, 1947, the struggle for independence was over. The British rule in India came to an end after nearly 200 years, and two sovereign states, India and Pakistan appeared on the map. Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India and Sardar Patel the Deputy Prime Minister. The whole country celebrated the day. There were singing and dancing processions and parades everywhere. Free India’s tricolor flag fluttered proudly on the historical Red Fort in Delhi and the National Anthem was sung in chorus. In the story of early resistance to British imperialism since the very beginning of the conflict, Gandhi has played a main role everywhere. His nonviolent philosophy was a key element in the story. That this why a study on this topic had to look at the relation Gandhi had with the masses and with the British. This relation is extremely dramatic if we want to understand how the beliefs of one man succeeded in convincing an entire people. To achieve goals as big as the struggle for independence and the peace between Hindus and Muslims, the action of one man was not enough; he had to rally the men looking forward to the same objectives. The study of British imperialism in India helps to understand some current topics like Kosovo, Eire, Algeria, and Pakistan, even if in the story of India it may be the word â€Å"imperialism† that is most relevant. How to cite Resistance to British Nationalism, Essay examples

Venezuela Essay Research Paper Venezuela 19601999 Introduction free essay sample

Venezuela Essay, Research Paper Venezuela 1960-1999 Introduction Since the constitution of a democracy in 1961, Venezuela has dramatically increased its # 8217 ; function in the international community over the last four decennaries and has come away as a regional leader for the Latin American and the Caribbean parts. Venezuela forms one of the most built-in parts of Latin America. While its # 8217 ; being a leader of Latin America as a whole can non be overlooked, its # 8217 ; even greater function as portion of the Caribbean can non be ignored. This paper will analyze the International and Regional Foreign Policy of Venezuela during the last four decennaries, in the context of international, regional and domestic events. The concluding analysis will analyze the fortunes taking up to and the election of President Hugo Chavez every bit good as the present way of Venezuela in the international and regional context. I. Venezuela: A Panorama of the 60 # 8217 ; s through the 80 # 8217 ; s A. International Political System of the 1960-1980 The Soviet Union ( SU ) and the United States ( US ) emerged from World War II as the two universe powers. The US promoted democracy and capitalist economy while the Soviet Union promoted Communism and Marxism. These two powers at utmost opposite terminals of the political ideological spectrum, formed as the leaders of the Cold War. This was a war of dualism by manner of organizing confederations and distributing their political orientation with terminals to destruct the being of the other. The 1950ss set the phase for what would be an even more disruptive decennary ; the 1960ss. The autumn of China to communism was a elephantine blow to the US and its # 8217 ; democratic ideals. The US formed a policy harmonizing to the # 8216 ; Domino Theory # 8217 ; of the spread of communism that would be implemented throughout the Cold War. The Domino Theory stated that communism would be spread from one province to neighbour provinces, infecti ng parts throughout the universe. To counter and halt the spread of communism the US adopted the policy of: 1 ) back uping bing weak democracies or democracies threatened by communist governments 2 ) back uping bing anti-Communist dictators or military governments 3 ) straight implementing or indirectly fostering democratic governments and anti-Communist motions in Communist or procommunist states. The fist blunt illustration of this policy was implemented during the Korean War. The US sent military personnels to assist South Korea in their civil war against the Communist North Korea. Later, under the same protections, the US intervened in many other states, notably Vietnam, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Panama and Kuwait. The Soviet policy was aimed at the spread and brotherhood of the Communist/Socialist motions throughout the universe. The SU aided these motions vis- ? -vis money weaponries and in some instances invasion ( Czechoslovakia 1968 ) to back up Communist/Soci alist motions and authoritiess in all parts of the universe from greater extents in North Korea and Vietnam to little Communist/Socialist motions in the US and other democratic states. After WWII Soviet military forces neer retreated from, what would subsequently be termed, the Iron Curtain states. The SU installed the Iron Curtain over states such as East Germany, Poland, Austria and Hungry, to call a few. Free European states and the US formed and signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This battalion would be critical throughout the Cold War and would supply strength and reassurance to European states against the menace of Soviet expansionism. The 1950ss besides began an intensified race to go more technologically advanced. The SU successfully launched the first orbiter and adult male into infinite. These Soviet achievements sent fright into the US citizens. Domination of one province over the another in any one country, such as the infinite plan, was considered a mark of lower status. The US launched a profound run to # 8216 ; catch up # 8217 ; to the Soviet engineering. The US invested 1000000s of dollars in scientific discipline instruction for schools and poured money into the NASA plan. This was an utmost addition to the already rapid Weaponries Race that played a big function throughout the Cold War. During the 80 # 8217 ; s the SALT II and I was signed by the US and the SU to decelerate the Arms Race. Even so, engineering would play en even bigger portion of the well being of economic systems in the decennaries to come. The pinnacle of the Cold War erupted in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crises. In 1961 Castro officially announced that his government was Marxist/Leninist and began to aline Cuba with its ideological spouse, the SU. One twelvemonth subsequently, the US blocked Soviet ships armed with atomic missiles destined for Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis is considered the closest to war reached by the two states. The SU yielded to the US deman ds and sent their ships with atomic missiles back to the SU. Although the state of affairs was diffused for the minute, Castro would go on to antagonise the US throughout the undermentioned decennaries. During the 1960ss and 1970ss, following the Domino Theory, the US entered the Vietnam War. The US began directing military advisers to assist the South Vietnamese against the Northern Communist Vietcong. The execution of military advisers rapidly turned into 1000s of military personnels. The US finally withdrew all US forces from Vietnam and the Vietcong won the part. The 1970ss saw the terminal to the Vietnam War every bit good as a appeasement in the tensenesss between the US and SU. The US President Carter and his disposal brought away to the head of US foreign policy issues such as Human Rights and the Environment. These issues hadn # 8217 ; t antecedently been perceived as of import, but would play an even greater in political relations in the old ages to follow. The 1880ss had their ain struggles. The US President Reagan put the Carter issues on the back burner with invasions in Grenada and intercession in Nicaragua. Reagan was more focussed on covering with the SU and an terminal to the Arms Race. The SU and US signed SALT I and II every bit good as the Non-Proliferation Treaty ( CTBT ) . These pacts were a spot offset by the STAR WARS plan set Forth by the Reagan disposal. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and in the first half of the 1890ss the SU and Communism fell with it. Its # 8217 ; fall brought forth the American theoretical account of Democracy and Capitalism every bit good as American neo-liberalism. The 1890ss will be seen as the decennary of neo-liberalism. B. The Regional Politicss: Latin America and the Caribbean of the 1960-1980 The regional political relations will be understood best by acknowledging the states that defined the ambiance and dealingss of the two parts through the context of the Cold War. The US, Mexico, Argentina, Cuba, Braz il and Venezuela are the states that will be considered the states that autonomously lead and affected the parts. All other states will be considered states that had a lesser affect to the part but will be noted in every bit much as they played a important function to historic events in the part. United States and Cuba Latin America and the Caribbean are two of the parts that were most affected by the Cold War. Both of the parts have a close propinquity to the ruling hegemony of the part, the US, and therefore played an of import strategic function for the US and the viing SU. # 8220 ; It is strategically of import in four ways: 1 ) As a possible base from which a hostile power might establish military operations against the US # 8230 ; 2 ) As a beginning of strategic natural stuffs. Virtually all # 8230 ; bauxite, critical to airplane industry, comes from the Caribbean # 8230 ; [ and ] a one-fourth of [ US ] oil imports and one fifth of # 8230 ; Fe ore # 8230 ; black lead, S, Ba, fluorite and zinc # 8230 ; 3 ) As the location of American districts and military installings. 4 ) As a major seaborne logistic path, # 8221 ; that includes the critical control of the Panama Canal. For these grounds the US has played a elephantine function in the internal political relations of Latin America and the Caribbean. Furthermore, the US increased its # 8217 ; function in the Latin American and Caribbean part during the Cold War. The US has longed viewed the parts as dominated by unstable political systems that could be easy influenced and taken over by Communism which could rapidly distribute throughout the part. Unstable authoritiess that could go Communist and house Soviet atomic arms in the American hemisphere prompted the US to fasten its # 8217 ; kick on the parts battling Socialist/Communist motions. The Cuban Case best exemplifies US frights of what could go on in Latin America and the Caribbean without careful control. In 1958, the US made it clear that i t would no longer back up the Batista totalitarian government during the Cuban Revolution by seting a trade trade stoppage on weaponries exports to Cuba. In January 1, 1959 Batista fled the state and Castro moved into Havana. In 1961 the relationship with Cuba and Castro changed everlastingly when he announced he was Marxist/Leninist. The US cut off all formal dealingss with Cuba and supported the ill-famed # 8220 ; Bay of Pigs # 8221 ; invasion by Cuban refugees that failed miserably. In 1962, the US began enterprises to barricade Cuban dealingss with other American during the 8th OAS conference in Uruguay. In the resulting old ages, many American provinces would take the lead of the US and break dealingss with Cuba. After the loss of Cuba, the US was less tolerant of revolutions and broad minded political governments in the part. In 1965, military officers of the Dominican Republic overthrew the authorities. In April 1965 the US sent 1000s of military personnels in to set down t he leftovers of the # 8220 ; Communist and castroite # 8221 ; Trujillo military government. The beginning of the 1960ss besides marked a alteration in US policy towards the two parts. In 1961, the Kennedy disposal announced the Alliance for Progress to back up and beef up capitalist ventures and development in the parts. The Alliance for Progress passed the US Congress and was granted $ 500 million. The bulk of the $ 500 million was appropriated to the Social Progress Trust Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank, specifically set aside for soft-loan undertakings that would non usually acquire funded by that bank or the World Bank. Such undertakings included ; agricultural reform, just pay and public assistance benefits for urban labour, commissariats of lodging and wellness and sanitation steps, decrease in literacy, revenue enhancement reform and monetary value stabilisation. This was to supply a manner out for many of the poorest of the Latin American and Caribbean states. # 8220 ; The basic end of the Alliance for Progress was an one-year addition of 2.5 % of the combined gross national merchandise of the take parting Latin American states, a end difficult to accomplish because of the high population growing rate of several countries. # 8221 ; Regardless, the capital from the Alliance for Progress was used for development, and endeavor that wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have otherwise existed due to Latin American rising prices and fiscal instability. While the Alliance for Progress tried to replace the American image after the Bay of Pigs, the loans were non every bit effectual as predicted. After the Bay of Pigs and the Cuba Missile Crisis, Cuba took it # 8217 ; s ain path back uping it # 8217 ; s Marxist Revolutions throughout the part and in Africa. The Cubans attempted to assist Marxist motions in Venezuela and Bolivia. Guevara and the Marxist Cuban Revolution stopped in Bolivia where Guevara was assassinated in 1967. Every decennary after the 60 # 8 217 ; s, Cuba has played less and less of a function in international and regional political relations albeit from some minor brushs instigated by Castro. Cuba and Castro have been progressively attacked for Human Rights misdemeanors. Argentina During the 50 # 8217 ; s, Argentina under General Peron had taken the # 8220 ; Third Position # 8221 ; , that being an intermediary place between the US and the SU. Peron renewed dealingss with the SU after decennaries of silence. # 8220 ; However, as a manner of procuring a supply of weaponries from the US, Peron indicated in August, 1946, that in the event of existent war between the US and the SU, Argentina would be on the side of the US. # 8221 ; Then under President Frondizi, Argentina made a move to aline itself with Brazil and other South American states in a treaty that would do South America a strategic confederation apart from the Cold War states. This move would travel no farther though because Frondizi would be overthrown by a military putsch and Brazilian President Quadros resigned from office in 1961. Frondizi besides made an effort to go a go-between between dealingss with Cuba and the US. He met in secret with Che Guevara and US diplomat Richard Goodwin in 1961. But the negotiations went no farther as the places of either state were nonnegotiable. When the military overthrew the authorities in 1966, it took an highly anticommunist stance that would prefer the US. Brazil Brazilian dealingss changed after the 1960 election of President Quadros. He made trips to Cuba, Yugoslavia and sent his vice-president to the SU and China showing that close ties to the US would be reevaluated. He began closer dealingss with Asia, Africa and the SU. Beyond that, he stopped the Brazilian military preparation in the US. This was an utmost displacement from the close dealingss that the US had enjoyed antecedently. Quadros resigned in 1961 and was replaced by President Joao Goulart. Goulart furthered dealingss when in 1 963 Brazil entered into a five-year trade understanding with the SU. After the Cuba Missile Crisis, the Goulart disposal voted against the OAS encirclement of Cuba. Like Frondizi in Argentina, Goulart was taken out of office by a military putsch in 1964. The Brazilian Military Coup returned toward a closer relationship with the US than with the SU. This military putsch kept reasonably close dealingss with the US until its # 8217 ; autumn in 1985. Mexico Since the 1800 # 8217 ; s, Mexico has taken a rigorous noninterventionist stance to foreign dealingss because of the US military intercessions in Mexico. Although this stance has neer been compromised in Mexican foreign policy, it has lead to some ambiguities. For illustration in 1962, Mexico chastised Castro for being Marxist/Leninist and held to her ain jurisprudence of private belongings. While at the same clip subscribing an OAS declaration declaring Marxism as being incompatible with OAS ideals, she abstained on the ballot to except Cuba from the OAS. Mexico was one of the lone American provinces to keep good dealingss with Cuba throughout the Cold War. Although Mexico neer supported the US straight because of the many intercessions in the part, Mexico neer strayed really far from the US ideologically. It has ever remained a democracy with capitalist markets. In the 1970ss and 1880ss, Mexico began a ferocious race to catch up the industrialised universe. The Mexican authorities borrowed 1000000s of dollars to make oil and excavation industries. During the 1880ss Mexico went a long manner in industrialisation. Many bookmans and economic experts were naming it the # 8220 ; Mexican Miracle # 8221 ; . The Miracle would be stopped short tungsten ith the Pesos’ fall in value that forced many industries and the government to refinance the debt and halt the once fast pace of industrialization. C. Venezuela 1960-1980: The Coming of a Regional Power Since the birth of its’ constitution and democracy in 1961, Venezuela quickly rose to be one of the most influential of all the Latin American and Caribbean countries in regional and international politics. Due to large oil reserves, the Venezuelan economy flourished and brought Venezuela forth as the rich democratic leader of the third world. Venezuela also achieved an established democracy that lasted for more than thirty years. None of the political scientists of the era predicted that Venezuela would be one of the first Latin American countries to become democratic because of its’ long history of military dictators. This all changed December 15, 1957 after the false elections of the military dictator Marcos Perez Jimenez which stated that he won by an incred ible 85% . In January 1, 1958, there was a military insurrection led by the junior military officers of the airforce as well as a civilian revolt named the Patriotic Junta. The airforce dropped bombs on the capital. The insurrection was not very well planned or coordinated, but the bombs were enough to scare Perez and his cronies to flee the country with about $250 million of the Venezuelan treasury. All the political parties of the Patriotic Junta could not agree on a political candidate for the upcoming new elections in December of the same year. So in October 31, 1958 the leaders of Accion Democatica, Romulo Betancourt; Copei, Rafael Caldera, and Union Republicana Democratica, Jovito Villalba came together to draw up the Pact of Punto Fijo. Also underwritten were the Fedecamaras, Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela, the Catholic Church and the Fuerzas Armadas. Punto Fijo guaranteed the political stability of the government by compromising between all the countries’ major powers. The biggest points of the pact are â€Å"1) Defensa de la constitucionalidad y derecho a gobernar conforme al resultado electoral. 2) Gobierno de Unidad Nacional, dando participacion en el poder a la oposicion. 3) Programa minimo comun, lo que permitiria garantizar la cooperacion partidista durante el proceso electoral†. This pact allowed for fair elections among all the parties. In December 1958, Romulo Betancourt won the presidential elections with 49% of the vote and also won the majority of seats in both congressional houses . Betancourt realized that he would have to consolidate power and form a coalition of the nations’ most powerful entities to form and establish a sturdy democracy that would last. Most importantly, Betancourt announced that there would be no prosecution of crimes during the dictatorship as well as increased military salaries and housing along with weekly trips he made to visit the military barracks . This formed a coalition with t he military forces that had always played a large role in the destruction of ruling governments. Although Betancourt made many other alliances he refused to include the extreme left. This was of growing concern as Cuba had just won its’ revolution against Batista in 1959. Many Communist student movements formed with the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) which later merged with the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacion Nacional (FALN), both of which were outlawed, that participated in guerrilla warfare in the jungles of Venezuela as well as bombing oil lines and the US embassy . The FALN was supported not only morally by Castro, but also with arms. Three tons of arms were found abandoned on a Venezuelan beach with clear ties to Cuba in 1963. Castro was not the only one that wanted Betancourt out of office and the Communists in. Rafeal Leonidas Trujillo Molina, the dictator of the Dominican Republic was responsible for the June 1960 car bombing that killed a military aid and severely bu rned Betancourt . These events influenced the Betancourt Doctrine, which stated that Venezuela would not recognize any regime that came to power by way of military intervention . Then Venezuela voted to expel Cuba from OAS membership and later broke diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 . In 1961 after encountering an empty treasury, Betancourt called out to the US for a $300 million dollar loan to combat Castro and the Communist insurgency groups. The US sent $450.6 million dollars between 1962 and 1965 . The US could not afford to let go of a country that supplied so much oil by way of US companies, not to mention that it has been considered the â€Å"keystone† country to the Caribbean region. The US had many fears because Cuba had easy access to Venezuela’s neighbor, Guyana, which was already the second most communist country behind Cuba. Guyana sent more students to study in the SU only behind Cuba and in later years Castro would send troops to Angola via Guyana . Two of the most important actions that highlighted the Betacourt administration are 1) the elections of 1963 that secured a real functioning democracy 2) the creation of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by his minister of energy, Juan Pablo Perez Alonzo in 1960 . Although it did not have much power during its’ beginning years, it would be seen as a powerful organization in the years to follow. AD candidate Raul Leoni was elected in 1963 and took office in 1964. Leoni didn’t make any radical changes and followed suit with Betacourts’ reforms. He did still have to face the influence of Castro. The PCV became so out of control that Leoni was forced to search the Universities of Caracas for members that had broken the law. Things came to a head when the military encountered â€Å"a small landing party headed by a Cuban army officer†¦ Machurucuto in the state of Miranda.† The situation calmed down and Leoni passed some good agrarian r eform laws. The economy under Leoni also proved to be one of the more healthy ones averaging a healthy 5.5% annually . Largely, the Leoni administration was a carry over from the Betacourt reforms. Venezuela demonstrated yet again that it was devoted to democracy in the 1968 elections. The AD was split over candidates, which led to the election of COPEI candidate Rafael Caldera . Venezuela passed the test forming an even stronger democracy when the AD passed over the presidential sash to the opposing party, the COPEI. Caldera filled the government with strictly COPEI members and did not make any effort at coalitions. Caldera began by reversing many of the reforms already put forth in the previous AD administrations. Caldera reinstated the PCV as a legal political party and then claimed that it lowered the guerrilla violence. Yet the opposition maintained that it was due to the reevaluation of diplomacy by Cuba and the SU as a result of the death of Che Guevara in 1967 and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslavakia in 1968. Moreover, Caldera rejected the Betacourt Doctrine as too restrictive for Venezuelan interests. Caldera also maintained that the Doctrine was just foreign policy that promoted US wellbeing. In effect, Caldera stated that Venezuela would no longer be limited by such doctrines and that it would seek â€Å"ideological pluralism† . Caldera then opened relations with the SU, Eastern Europe and many South American nations that had fallen under military regimes. In 1973, Caldera signed the Lima Consensus that entered Venezuela into the Andean Treaty (Ancom) . The entrance was a positive one because Venezuela was allowed to make many adjustments to the agreement so it would not hurt local businessmen forced to compete with cheap Andean goods. Venezuela also joined for fear of the Brazilian expansion in the region, which was under a military dictatorship . In as much as Caldera strengthened Venezuelas’ Andean identity, it put forth as much, i f not more, effort in furthering its’ Caribbean identity. Caldera began to put extra capitol from petroleum into the Caribbean Development Bank. These funds derived from petroleum were used to finance loans for Central American and Caribbean countries to buy oil at cheaper prices. This practice would be expanded in later years. While the Caldera administration strayed away from and even undid, many of the two previous AD administration policies, Caldera produced a healthy economy and expanded its’ relations and identity throughout the region and indeed the world. The elections of 1973 again gave the power back to Carlos Andres Perez and the AD. Perez and the AD captured 48% of the vote as well as the majority in both houses in congress and the majority of the provinces. In October 1973, the Arab-Israeli War began and quadrupled oil prices. The Venezuelan treasury was suddenly flooded with capitol and inflation began to rise raidly. Perez quickly decided to invest $6 bi llion of extra annual revenue outside the country in foreign investments by setting up the Venezuelan Investment Fund (FIV) . Some $25 million was also sent to the Caribbean Investment Bank to expand Caribbean development and other loans were made to Central American petroleum importing countries so they could buy oil during the price hike. The Perez administration began expansion on all levels in all areas. The Perez administration visited Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, the SU, Asia, Africa, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Japan. They also received diplomats from all over the world. Venezuela under the Perez administration converted to a rich third world country overnight. Perez took this opportunity to expand or reach to other third world nations of the world, depending on how one looks as it. Perez began speaking more and more about third worldism and ventures to unite them together to combat the first world hegemony. Many countries in the Caribbean and Central America began following the initiative by taking loans from Venezuela as a third world leader instead of the US. To such an extent that it was weakening the functionality CARICOM. Beyond finances, Perez moved into a more diplomatic role with Panama in trying to mediate a negotiation between the Panama and the US for the Canal. Perez also reached out to reunite Cuba with the rest of the OAS, although the attempt failed, Cuba would be incorporated by closer diplomatic relations with Mexico and Venezuela. Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez (1970-76) and Perez joined forces as the two spokesmen for the union of Latin America against the US. Together they formed the Latin American Economic System (SELA) with headquarters in Caracas. This was an organization that was formed to share technologies between the Latin American nations as well as develop and protect the economies of the region (23 Latin American countries promptly joined and the US was excluded) . He supported t he Sandinistas in Nicaragua against the Samoza Family. Perez even went so far as to send arms to the Sandanistas during the revolution. Although Perez exuded third world politics and third world organizations such as OPEC, it did not participate in the 1973 Oil Embargo, which weakened the strength of the organization. However, Venezuela did fall in line with the price rise before and during the Embargo, which greatly benefited Venezuela. During the Embargo, Perez increased oil shipment to the US to cover the loss of oil from the Arab nations. However, this favor was not returned when the US excluded all the members of OPEC from the â€Å"1974 Trade Act, which created the Generalized System of Trade Preferences to lower tariffs on designated imports from developing nations† . This along with the US intervention in the military coup in Chile really miffed Venezuelans. Domestically, Perez began spending millions of dollars on state run industries and increased government spendin g by 200% . Venezuela took over the iron and oil companies that were largely owned by the US. The influx of money into the domestic market due to the excess of petro-dollars led to conspicuous consumption by Venezuelans. This was largely due to Perez’s idea of spreading the wealth of the oil revenues with the public by imposing price controls on commodities and other basic staples. Imported cars and processed foods from the US rose to all time high levels as well as the highest level of importation of Scotch in the world . Perezs’ plan of industrialization in ten years funded by the oil capitol had loopholes. For instance Venezuela while it invested millions in industries, they had no way of transporting the goods without heavy industry trucks to carry the product as well as roads to support the heavy trucks. The lack of infrastructure to support the heavy industries was evident. Thousands of workers were sent abroad to learn new industry technology, but when they retu rned the industries never quite processed like their competitors abroad. The spending spree of the Perez government became so bad that they had to impose extremely high tariffs on imported goods. In 1971 Perez coordinated a conference to discuss the up coming conference of the Law of the Sea. Now that Venezuela had become rich over night because of its’ oil wealth, all the Caribbean and Latin American nations became interested in oil developments off the coasts of their countries. Yet it was still unclear exactly where one draws the line of international waters and a countries private waters. Along this same line, many Caribbean and Latin American nations were competing fiercely with industrialized nations for rich fishing industry off their coasts. This was also a concern for Trinidad/Tobago with the coastline that they share with Venezuela. The conference concluded that the â€Å"Caribbean Position† was composed to be † a sovereign territorial limit of twelve m iles but â€Å"patrimonial waters of up to 200 miles. In the ‘patrimonial waters,’ coastal states would have full sovereignty over natural resources in the sea and seabed, but they would have no jurisdiction over navigational rights beyond the twelve mile limit.† It was of utmost importance to the developing third world Caribbean and Latin American countries because of â€Å"an estimated 1,500 billion barrels of oil under the sea floor and endangered fish stock that yields about $18 billion worth of high-protein food annually, an estimated $3 trillion worth of manganese and other minerals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . The third UN Conference convened in Caracas in 1974 with some 5000 delegates. The Conference turned out to be unmanageable and an agreement was not reached. The US was against the 200 mile limit of mineral rights and was up against hard opposition because of the Oil Embargo in the previous year that sent oil prices through the roof and sent oil companies looking throughout the ocean for oil reserves. The Secretary of State Kissinger stated that the US could no longer afford to wait for an international settlement although